Fig 4 The smooth layered design of the public wooden boardwalk at the Dubai Arab Port in Saudi Arabia highlights the unique architectural feat visible from space. (Satellite imagery credit: Capella Space Open Data Gallery)

In terms of urban planning, the rapid urbanization process in the Middle East has broad application prospects in monitoring urban expansion and land use planning, tracking infrastructure construction progress, assessing surface subsidence and geological stability, optimizing water resource management and pipeline layout, dynamically analyzing green space coverage, planning transportation networks and identifying congestion hotspots, and developing urban heat island effect monitoring and mitigation plans.

Fig 5 Satellite Map of the City of London District (Satellite imagery credit: ICEYE SAR Satellite Open Gallery)